Firms To Watch: Contentious trusts and probate

With a growing reputation in high-value litigation, IDR Law has recently expanded into the South West with the arrival of partner of Cara Hough from Porter Dodson LLP in January 2022.
Capable in both contentious and non-contentious mandates, Barcan+Kirby LLP have extensive knowledge of wills and trusts, grant applications and estate administration, as well as powers of attorney matters.

Contentious trusts and probate in South West

RWK Goodman

‘Professional, prompt, and thorough’, the team at RWK Goodman routinely advises clients on an array of disputes involving wills, estates and trusts. The practice boasts a dedicated Court of Protection team which deals with both contentious and non-contentious work. The ‘extremely knowledgeable and pragmatic’ Amanda Noyce – who heads up the team – handles a range of matters concerning proprietary estoppel claims, inheritance disputed and tax disputes. Calum Campbell is noted for his expertise in handling Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act (TOLATA) matters. Mike Muston is also recommended.

Praxisleiter:

Amanda Noyce


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Calum Campbell; Mike Muston


Referenzen

‘Their contentious trust and probate team are simply very good at what they do.  They also work in tandem with their private client team, which makes for effective case management.’

‘Amanda Noyce is extremely knowledgeable and pragmatic and focused on finding a solution.  She is reliable in her advice.’

‘Mike Muston is a talented lawyer who really fights his client’s corner.’

Ashfords LLP

Drawing on expertise from various departments within the firm, the team at Ashfords LLP handles a broad array of contentious trusts and probate mandates, including will validity disputes, mutual claims, proprietary estoppel disputes, and related personal negligence claims. The team is jointly chaired by Robert Horsey, a highly experienced partner; Michael Alden, who also heads up the private wealth division; and Kerry Morgan Gould, noted for her expertise in contentious Court of Protection work. Other key figures include Barny Croft, who is praised as a ‘real star who attracts great work and is unflappable under pressure’, and Jess Flanagan, who joined from Clarke Willmott LLP in April 2022.

Praxisleiter:

Robert Horsey; Michael Alden; Kerry Morgan-Gould


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Barny Croft; Katie Webber; Rebecca Milton; Sasha Wicks


Referenzen

‘This team has a national presence and are really well regarded as being first-rate in this area of practice. They are very capable litigators with excellent and high-profile work, which exceeds expectations for their regional status.’

‘Kerry listens well, assimilates the situation promptly, in what was a very complicated case with numerous strands, she was clear and concise in her advice, drawn from her immense wealth of knowledge and experience.’

‘Barny Croft is one to watch. He is emerging as a powerful opponent, but one who takes a measured approach, balancing his clients’ best interests with a pragmatic eye on proportionality.’

Highlight-Mandate


  • Advised an adult child in a claim for reasonable financial provision in the estate of his non-biological parent. The estate is understood to be worth in excess of £250m.
  • Defended a challenge against the validity of the will on the grounds of undue influence and lack of knowledge and approval.
  • Seeking the removal of an executor under s116 Senior Courts Act 1981 and/or s.50 Administration of Justice Act 1985.

Burges Salmon LLP

Noted for its expertise in large and complex mandates, the team at Burges Salmon LLP has an excellent reputation in the South West, representing a range of high-profile clients at both the national and international scale. The team is jointly chaired by Justin Briggs and Kevin Kennedy; Briggs is noted for his capabilities in high-stakes private trust matters, while Kennedy is well placed to advise on matters involving landed estates and wealthy individuals. Caroline Emslie, who handles international disputes concerning trusts, wills, tax planning and the administration of estates, is praised for her ‘superb judgement.’

 

Praxisleiter:

Justin Briggs; Kevin Kennedy


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Michael Ward; Suzanne Padmore; Caroline Emslie; Maddie Dunn


Referenzen

‘Kevin Kennedy is excellent and approaches difficult litigation calmly. He has years of experience and fights very hard for his clients.’

‘Caroline Emslie and Sarah Charteris-Black are very thorough, hard-working, and very effective at day-to-day running of litigation.’

‘A very experienced team when it comes to hard-hitting trust litigation. They have both the technical skills and the resources to deal with complex, multi-jurisdictional trust disputes.’

Kernmandanten

Trustees of the St Fagans No 1 and No 2 trusts


Lady Catherine Brudenell-Bruce


Robert Sofer


Highlight-Mandate


  • Acted for the trustees of a landed estate (led by the Earl of Plymouth) in their successful defence of a proprietary estoppel claim brought in an attempt to frustrate the trust’s multi-million pound development of a new garden city outside Cardiff.
  • Acted for Lady Catherine Brudenell-Bruce in a highly charged application to replace her brother, Tom, Viscount Savernake, as executor of their late mother’s will.
  • Advised Robert Sofer, an Australian resident, on a breach of trust claim made against a Swiss trust company, relating to a trust established by Mr Sofer’s father. A High Court claim was issued, and Mr Sofer was successful in the Court of Appeal following an adverse interlocutory decision.

Foot Anstey

Foot Anstey advises a strong mix of national charities, trust corporations, and wealthy individuals on complex disputes. The team is noted for its expertise in inheritance and trusts disputes, with a particular focus on resolving property disputes and administering estates and legacies for their charity client base. Lucy Gill - who heads the team - has over 15 years of experience handling contentious probate matters for national charities. Alexandra Rogers regularly handles disputes involving wills, trusts and estates.

 

 

Praxisleiter:

Lucy Gill


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Emma Facey; Alexandra Rogers; Elizabeth Ware; Oliver Black; Chloe Phare


Referenzen

‘Alexander Rogers was very dedicated to our case and always made herself available to speak to us directly on the phone or in person in a very difficult and upsetting case. She also added a personal perspective to the case and felt at ease with her. Always gave the impression she was trying her best for us and always explained things from both perspectives.’

‘Elizabeth Ware is excellent.’

‘The team goes above and beyond in understanding clients’ needs and trying to propose practical solutions.  Lucy Gill is very approachable and always strives to achieve the best for her clients. She is very forward-looking and is always thinking of ways to bring positive change in the sector.’

Highlight-Mandate


Michelmores LLP

Michelmores LLP houses a strong team capable of advising a range of renowned clients – including high-net-worth individuals and national charities – on the full gamut of wills, trusts, probate, and legacies matters. The practice maintains a strong presence in the South West, drawing high praise from clients – some of whom regard it as, ‘the best in its geographical area.’ The team is led by Tony Cockayne, who has over 20 years of litigation experience acting for wealthy individuals and national charities. Jasmine Ivory acts for high-net-worth individuals and charities on complex litigation matters. Georgia Wookey joined from Wards Solicitors LLP in January 2023.

Praxisleiter:

Tony Cockayne


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Sara Chisolm-Batten; Jasmine Ivory; Holly Mievelle-Hawkins; Georgia Wookey


Referenzen

‘This team is the best in its geographical area. Tony Cockayne has very significant experience, and is able to handle very complex disputes.’

‘Tony Cockayne is measured and diligent, and astute in his strategy.’

‘Michelmores is a really strong presence in this area. Tony Cockayne is an excellent team leader; he is unflappable, full of energy and has a real sense of when a point is worth pushing and when to pull back.’

Highlight-Mandate


VWV

VWV is a key port of call for a deep roster of clients, who turn to the firm for its ‘exceptionally strong contentious trusts and probate team, with vast experience in a wide variety of issues’. The practice is particularly noted for its legacy protection and Court of Protection work, which significantly bolsters its offering to a number of higher education institutions and national charities. Michelle Rose heads the team; she regularly deals with matters involving household names and acts as an independent court appointed administrator. Fiona Lawrence, who has extensive experience in complex cross-border disputes, is also recommended.

 

Praxisleiter:

Michelle Rose


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Fiona Lawrence; Marianne Nankervis; Sally Rushton; Julia Hardy; Vicky Ward


Referenzen

‘One of the largest teams of contentious trusts and estates specialists in the South West. They have the resources to manage substantial disputes.’

‘Julia Hardy is an exceptional senior associate producing partner level work. Julia tactical judgment and negotiating abilities are a real asset in litigation.’

‘VWV have an exceptionally strong contentious trusts and probate team, with vast experience in the wide variety of issues that arise in this field.’ 

Highlight-Mandate


  • Administered the £10m McDonald estate, which was the subject of a Court of Appeal decision on an out of time application in a proprietary estoppel dispute.
  • Acted for the son and eldest daughter of Terry Jones, settling a complex challenge to the validity of Terry’s will and a property transfer. The estate is worth in excess of £5m.
  • Acted for the Administrators of a £48 million landed estate in a High Court blessing application.

Wilsons

Praised for fielding a team ‘with all the expertise and experience of a London firm’, Wilsons regularly advises household name charities and professional and corporate trustees on a host of disputes concerning estates, trusts, wills and legacies. The practice is jointly chaired by Gillian Fletcher and 'tough litigator' Charlotte Watts; Watts in particular is noted for advising clients on matters before the Court of Protection. Other key individuals include the 'very effective' James Aspden, Peter Jeffreys, and Fiona Campbell-White - praised for her 'forceful but measured approach to cases that require it.'

Praxisleiter:

Charlotte Watts; Gillian Fletcher


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Fiona Campbell-White; Peter Jeffreys; James Aspden; Debbie Ashenhurst


Referenzen

‘This is a team with all the expertise and experience of a London firm. The lawyers are experienced and clever and have real expertise in the area.’

‘James Aspden is an excellent lawyer and a very tough litigator. Charlotte Watts is also excellent – a very good lawyer and someone who fights hard for her clients.’

‘Excellent guidance and advice in respect of contentious matters and the needs of the charities and its trustees.’

Kernmandanten

RNLI


RSPCA


RNIB


Macmillan Cancer Support


PDSA


Blue Cross


Guide Dogs


Marie Curie


British Heart Foundation


Save the Children


Highlight-Mandate


Clarke Willmott LLP

Clarke Willmott LLP fields ‘a first-rate team of contentious probate lawyers’. The practice benefits from close relationships with the agriculture litigation team and private wealth team to offer clients a fully comprehensive legal service. The team is led by Bonita Walters and Esther Woolford; Walters has over 20 years of experience, with specific expertise in complex succession disputes, while Woolford is an expert in contentious probate matters concerning agricultural estates.

 

 

Praxisleiter:

Bonita Walters; Esther Woolford


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Polly Ridgway; Emma Ironside; Emily Jenkins; Robert Mullen


Referenzen

‘Sarah O’Grady and Esther Woolford are both outstanding in skill and manner with client.’

‘Polly Ridgeway is excellent and marshalled the case to the Supreme Court.’

‘A first-rate team of contentious probate lawyers.’

Kernmandanten

Andrew Guest


The National Farmers’ Union


The Countryside Alliance


Highlight-Mandate


  • Advised on a proprietary estoppel claim brought by our client, Andrew Guest, against his parents for an equitable interest in the family farm (Tump Farm) and the farming business carried on there.

Ellis Jones Solicitors LLP

Drawing on its offices in Bournemouth and London, the team at Ellis Jones Solicitors LLP is well regarded by clients for its ‘extremely knowledgeable and proficient' approach in contentious probate claims. In particular, the practice specialises in disputes concerning the validity of wills, trusts, and proprietary estoppel claims. Lauren Day, who leads the team, regularly works on complex trusts and wills disputes. Other key figures within the practice include Victoria Riddleston, who is noted for her ability to advise clients on a wide range of disputes, including claims under the Inheritance Act 1975. Daniel Flynn joined the team from Moore Barlow in February 2023, while Luke Foot joined from Lester Aldridge LLP the following month.

Praxisleiter:

Lauren Day


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Victoria Riddleston


Referenzen

‘Victoria Riddleston is a true professional in her area of business. Her calm, professional and reassuring manner is second to none. The advice she gives is precise and fills me with gratitude that she is assisting me. I am kept up-to-date when relevant, and she always delivers what she says she will.’

‘Extremely knowledgeable and proficient in dealing with complex, contentious probate claims.’

‘Lauren Day has been absolutely exceptional throughout a long and challenging case.’

Highlight-Mandate


Stephens Scown LLP

Stephens Scown LLP advises clients on a range of matters, including claims of negligence against professional trustees, estate planning, proprietary estoppel, validity claims concerning incapacity and undue influence, and claims concerning abuse of the elderly. With more than 15 years of experience in litigation, practice head James Burrows is noted for his extensive experience advising on matters concerning multi-million pound estates. Davina Haydon‘s capabilities include the defence and persuit of claims under the Inheritance Act 1975.

 

Praxisleiter:

James Burrows


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Davina Haydon; Tamara Hasson; Eve Hebron; Anna Garde Evans


Referenzen

‘A very experienced and knowledgeable team.’

Highlight-Mandate


Thrings LLP

Well regarded by clients for their 'great technical knowledge', the team at Thrings LLP regularly handles disputes concerning will construction, validity of wills, and removal of executors, acting for a mix of high-net-worth individuals, charities, professional executors, and trustees. The team is led by Emily Prout, variously praised for her 'supportive and genuine' approach, as well as her 'excellent' knowledge of contentious probate. Robert James is noted for his expertise in inheritance claims.

Praxisleiter:

Emily Prout


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Robert James


Referenzen

‘I found Thrings to be very efficient and easy to deal with. Responses to questions happened swiftly. I felt very understood as a client and felt my best interests were always at the heart of discussions. I would highly recommend the team.’

‘I would highly recommend Emily Prout. I felt valued and understood. They worked very efficiently to answer my questions and act upon my instruction on behalf of my family regarding a wills matter. Really supportive and genuine. Rapport and trust is key, and they really did go above and beyond. I would highly recommend their knowledge and skills.’

‘The team has great technical knowledge, backed up by a strong non-contentious private client department, and are robust without being abrasive.’

Kernmandanten

David and Josephine Guest


Michael Westbrook, as court appointed Administrator of the estate of the Countess of Cardigan


Highlight-Mandate


  • Represented the Appellants in the Supreme Court appeal (Guest v Guest) in December 2021 on the issue of relief in proprietary estoppel cases and the tension between expectation-based relief and detriment-based relief.
  • Advised private clients about a post-death challenge to significant lifetime gifts made by a deceased, in conjunction with a claim being concurrently brought for ‘reasonable financial provision’ from the estate.
  • Acted for a professional executor to obtain a Re Yorke Order in the course of estate administration, to provide protection to the executor against any future claims or litigation that may arise out of the deceased’s past dealing as a Lloyds member.

Wards Solicitors LLP

Wards Solicitors LLP fields a team of experts that are regularly instructed on complex and high-value disputes. The practice enjoys a strong presence in the South West, with the team working across 12 offices in Bristol, Bath, Somerset, and Gloucestershire. Bristol-based Elizabeth Fry - who leads the team - has specialised in contentious probate for more than two decades. Also based in Bristol, Ian Williamson is noted for his expertise in trust work involving ownership of land held trusts.

Praxisleiter:

Elizabeth Fry


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Ian Williamson; Emma Kerry


Referenzen

‘The team are responsive, in a fast, concise manner. Billing is always preceded by estimates of future costs, which is always helpful, and invoices are settled by their online payment system.’

‘Ian Williamson is friendly, professional, and hardworking. Very quick to communicate and reply to any emails with a same-day response. Works hard to get things done. Very knowledgeable.’

‘Emma Kerry has been, and still is, acting for me in a very complex case incorporating probate and family court. I trust her implicitly with all decisions made. Emma has been at my side and I can contact her anytime for advice and guidance. Emma is absolutely amazing.’

Highlight-Mandate


Willans LLP

A 'down to earth' team which 'commands a knowledgeable presence', Willans LLP's regular workload includes the validity of wills, trust disputes, applications to rectify wills, and claims under the Inheritance Act 1975. The team is headed up by the 'excellent' Paul Gordon, a key contact for clients on account of his litigation experience, who regularly deals with complex and high-value matters. Other key names to note include the 'exceptionally dedicated' Jessica Whooley and Laura Stone, whose experience ranges from wills preparation to Court of Protection matters.

Praxisleiter:

Paul Gordon


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Katie Duthie; Jessica Whooley; Laura Stone; Tom O’Riordan; Janine Guthrie


Referenzen

‘They are thorough and approachable. Paul Gordon is an excellent solicitor.’

‘They are very experienced and easy to work with. They take good care of their clients. They are down to earth but command a knowledgeable presence.’

‘The team at Willans are very approachable and personable. They are well versed in the legal issues and manage cases very well procedurally, which perfectly supplements their client and fact-focused approach.

Kernmandanten

Andree Jones & Angelique Dowlin


Kelly-Anne Smith – the estate of Kevin Frank Mansfield


Richard Burns, Robert Mansel, Alun Llewellyn and Sir Philip Mansel


Daisy Lee, a child by her litigation friend Rachel Astor – The estate of Adrian Clifford Stapleton Lee


Kevin Evans – The estate of Barbara June Evans


Veronica Anne Pritchett – The estate of David Pritchett


Jeremy Heald – The estate of Richard John Sadler


Claudia Brooks – The estate of Margret Willinger


Highlight-Mandate


  • Acted for the beneficiaries of a substantial estate, with a significant amount of property covering a large proportion of Swansea, Wales, who are in dispute with one of the executors.
  • Acted in a High Court matter for the deceased’s daughter to bring a claim pursuant to the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.
  • Acted in a High Court matter for the deceased’s wife in a multi-million pound farming estate to bring a claim pursuant to the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.

Blanchards Bailey LLP

Particularly noted for its capabilities in Court of Protection work, Blanchards Bailey LLP draws praise from clients for fielding a contentious trusts and probates team with 'genuine expertise and strength in depth.’ The team is jointly headed by Paul Dunlop, a highly experienced civil litigator; commercial litigator Ben Jones; and Lucy Mignot - a 'fantastic lawyer' who deals exclusively with contentious trust and probate and Court of Protection matters.

Praxisleiter:

Paul Dunlop; Ben Jones; Lucy Mignot


Referenzen

‘This practice has simply worked well with me providing efficient service, prompt responses to questions, and excellent overall communication about ongoing matters.’

‘Pleasant and helpful at all times.’

‘I am very grateful for the help I receive from the team. The service always exceeds my expectations.’

Kernmandanten

Diana Bennett


Judith Sargeant


Francesca Giradelli


Christina Hammond


Helen Haigh


Martin and Sarah Granados


Robin Hansford


Chris Kekwick


Jane Glover


Highlight-Mandate


  • Advised Chris Kekwick in a trust dispute.
  • Acted for Diana Bennett under a CFA in a 1975 Act and proprietary estoppel claim.
  • Advised Robin Hansford in an undue influence and fraudulent calumny claim with an agricultural element.

Coodes Solicitors

Coodes Solicitors handles a range of matters concerning complex trust and estate claims, proprietary estoppel, will rectification claims and will validity challenges. The team also handle contentious Court of Protection applications and disputed lifetime gifts. Practice head Melanie Grose - 'effective, knowledgeable, and personable' - has particular expertise in running and overseeing all disputes involving contentious trusts and probate issues.

Praxisleiter:

Melanie Grose


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Colin Hunter; Hayley Gaffney


Referenzen

‘This team is knowledgeable, reassuring and friendly; and given the emotive nature of the work, this makes all the difference in dealing with our extremely complex and stressful case.’

‘Very efficient and extremely knowledgeable in their sector. They are always extremely patient and willing to explain everything so that it is clear and understandable. They work tirelessly in order to achieve the very best outcome for their clients. I can not rate them highly enough for the help they have given me.’

‘I worked with Hayley Gaffney, who has exceptional knowledge within her sector. Provided exceptional advice immediately and helped me achieve the very best outcome possible. Without doubt one of the best solicitors within her sector.’

Kernmandanten

Patrick Neil Fennessy


Highlight-Mandate


Frettens LLP

The team at Frettens LLP assists clients with specialist advice on powers of attorney, will writing and Court of Protection cases. Practice head Michelle Hayter – who works on numerous high-value and high-profile cases – is the key name to note.

Praxisleiter:

Michelle Hayter


Referenzen

‘Communicated and responded to queries promptly.’

Kernmandanten

Emma Cross


Sharon Stocker


Kate Edwards


Angela Benford


Lynn Arnold


Ann Gregory


Virginia James


Aimi Nicastro


Giles & Simon Humby


Nicholas Jeffery


Martin Simms


Eric Sansom


Highlight-Mandate


  • Acted for Angela Benford for a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.
  • Acted for the defendant, Eric Sansom, in two alleged claims, one against his late grandfather’s estate for alleged misappropriation by his late mother to pay to her sister (the client’s aunt) inheritance under the intestacy rules.
  • Acted for two beneficiaries in defending an action bought by the deceased’s step-grandson for reasonable financial provision from the estate of the deceased pursuant to the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.

Slee Blackwell

The 'thoroughly knowledgeable' team at Slee Blackwell is well placed to advise clients on a range of disputes, including a number of Court of Protection cases. Practice co-chair Naomi Ireson is noted for her extensive experience handling TOLATA cases. Other key figures include the 'excellent' Hayley Bundley, a prolific adviser on contentious probate work.

 

Praxisleiter:

Naomi Ireson; Lee Dawkins


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Hayley Bundey


Referenzen

‘My experience of the firm as a whole was very positive. Hayley Bundey particularly stood out.’

‘Hayley Bundey has been excellent in all my dealings with her.’

‘The strengths of the team is their ability to be thoroughly knowledgeable, stand for no nonsense, and do their absolute best for a client.’

Highlight-Mandate


  • Acted for claimant in trust dispute and equitable accounting claim. Determined at trial and won – Central London County Court.
  • Acted for claimant in estoppel claim. Determined at trial and won.
  • Acted for claimant in trust disputes. Determined at trial and won.

Steele Raymond LLP

Lauded as an ‘excellent regional firm’, Steele Raymond LLP is well placed to advise clients on a range of disputes. The team is led by the 'commercially minded and pragmatic' John Andrews, who specialises in disputes relating to validity and interpretation of wills, proprietary estoppel, and Court of Protection proceedings. Andrews regularly works in conjunction with Louise Maidment, who is also well regarded for her 'knowledgable, commercially minded and pragmatic' approach.

Praxisleiter:

John Andrews


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Louise Maidment


Referenzen

‘Excellent regional firm. Would happily recommend (and have done so) for contentious estates and trust work. Well able to deal with high value complex estates and trusts. Big enough to have all relevant expertise to hand but still friendly and approachable.’

‘I have worked with Steele Raymond LLP on multiple occasions over the years, frequently on complex contentious trusts and probate cases which they are very experienced in handling. I would highly recommend all the teams as very knowledgable, commercially minded and pragmatic in their advice and dealings with the client and other parties. They have a very impressive reputation as a result.’

‘I have worked recently with John Andrews, Louise Maidment and Holly Peck. I would recommend all of them as very experienced, knowledgable, commercially minded and pragmatic in their advice and dealings with the client and other parties. They are always a delight to work with.’

Highlight-Mandate


Stone King LLP

Capable of working on international disputes - drawing on the firm’s dedicated cross-border trusts and estates team - the practice at Stone King LLP covers a wide array of contentious probate and trust claims, with particular expertise in the third sector. The team is jointly chaired by Daniel Harris and Luke Watson; Harris heads up the firm's specialist international and cross-border unit, while Watson has over 20 years of experience in dispute resolution, with extensive experience of working and advising both charities and trustees.

Praxisleiter:

Daniel Harris; Luke Watson


Referenzen

‘Stone King have an excellent reputation in estates and trusts litigation generally and particularly for international estates and trusts and charities including education providers.’

‘Luke Watson has years of experience as an estates and trusts specialist. He has first-rate knowledge and tactical awareness. A safe pair of hands.’

‘Dan’s specialist knowledge is quite exceptional, and his authentic charm and charisma inspire confidence.’

Highlight-Mandate


Trowers & Hamlins LLP

Trowers & Hamlins LLP‘s Exeter-based team is noted for its focus on high-value private wealth disputes, often with a strong cross-border dimension. Practice head Charisse Crawford is a highly experienced partner who handles a host of contentious trust and estate matters. Maria Dunn‘s expertise includes Court of Protection proceedings, while commercial litigator Holly Bryan regularly advises clients in respect of claims under the Inheritance Act.

Praxisleiter:

Charisse Crawford


Weitere Kernanwälte:

Maria Dunn; Holly Bryan